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Definition
Columbian Exchange
The Columbian exchange is a term coined by Alfred Crosby Jr. in 1972 that is traditionally defined as the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World of Europe and Africa and the New World of the Americas. The exchange...
Article
Fall of Maximilien Robespierre
The fall of Maximilien Robespierre, or the Coup of 9 Thermidor, was a series of events that resulted in the arrests and executions of Robespierre and his allies on 27-28 July 1794. It signaled the end of the Reign of Terror, the end of Jacobin...
Collection
Precious Materials in Antiquity
Certain materials have always been precious such as gold for its lustre, incorruptibility, and ease to work but some ancient cultures often gave a very high value to more unusual materials. The Romans loved Tyrian purple dye, the Incas prized...
Image
The “Columbian Exchange” in the 15th century
An infographic illustrating the exchange of diseases, animals, plants, populations, and technology between the Americas, Africa, and Eurasia in the wake of Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage across the Atlantic, known as the "Columbian Exchange"...
Article
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
To many historians, the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century CE has always been viewed as the end of the ancient world and the onset of the Middle Ages, often improperly called the Dark Ages, despite Petrarch's assertion. Since...
Teaching Material
Phoenician Maritime Trade and Cultural Exchange
This lesson plan has two parts. During the first part, students will watch a video introducing the Phoenicians and answer the questions on Worksheet #1. In the second part, students will participate in a trading simulation activity which...
Image
The Fall of the Western Roman Empire, c. 480 CE
A map illustrating the gradual process of disintegration known as the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. During the Migration Period (a period of accelerated movement of peoples across Europe between the 5th and 9th centuries, also known as...
Article
Gibbon's Decline & Fall of the Roman Empire
The English historian Edward Gibbon (1737-1794) wrote and published his seminal work History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire between 1776 and 1788. The dominant theme of Gibbon's six-volume work is that the fall of the Roman Empire...
Image
Champollion's notes from the Rosetta Stone
This is a copy of the Rosetta Stone with some hand notes made by Jean-François Champollion.
This photo was taken at the Neues Museum, Berlim.
Video
What Does the Term Viking Actually Mean?
Pirates, Scandinavians, or both?
A few comments on how we use the term Viking and how the meaning changed.
Irina Manea, PhD Nordic Studies